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More and more of the world's computer systems incorporate neural networks - artificial-intelligence driven systems that can 'learn' how to do something without anyone - including their creators - understanding exactly how they're doing it.This has caused some concern, especially in fields where safety is critical. These 'black box' systems hide their inner workings, so we don't actually know when errors are happening - only when they manifest in the real world. And that can be in very rare situations that don't get caught during a normal testing process.Even when we do catch them, the inscrutable inner workings of deep learning systems mean that these errors can be hard to fix because we don't know exactly what caused them.
All we can do is give the system negative feedback and keep an eye on the problem. Decision logicBut that state of affairs may be changing, because a research team from Lehigh University in Pennsylvania and Columbia University in NYC has created a test for deep learning systems. The software, called DeepXplore, examines the decision logic and behaviours of a neural network to find out what it's doing. They describe it as a '.To test the system, they threw a bunch of datasets at it to see what happens, including self-driving car data, Android and PDF malware data, and image data. They also fed it a selection of production-quality neural networks trained on those datasets - including some that have ranked highly in self-driving car challenges.The results showed thousands of incorrect behaviours, like crashing into guard rails under certain circumstances.
That's the bad news. But the good news is that the systems can then use that information to automatically improve themselves, fixing the errors.Numerous inputs'DeepXplore is able to generate numerous inputs that lead to deep neural network misclassifications automatically and efficiently,' Junfeng Yang, an associate professor of computer science at Columbia University, who worked on the project. 'These inputs can be fed back to the training process to improve accuracy.' Yinzhi Cao of Lehigh University added: 'Our ultimate goal is to be able to test a system, like self-driving cars, and tell the creators whether it is truly safe and under what conditions.' The full details of the testing approach have been published in a, and the software itself has been.
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A trio of researchers at Kiel University in Germany has discovered how the male thistle tortoise beetle manages to penetrate the coiled duct inside the female reproductive organ without buckling his flagellum. In their paper.
It's often wryly observed that birth rates peak in September, with many studies citing seasonal changes in human biology to explain this post-holiday 'baby boom.' But new research from scientists at Indiana University and. DNA, present in almost every cell, is increasingly being used as a building material to construct tiny, but sophisticated structures such as autonomous 'DNA walkers' that can move along a microparticle surface, fluorescent. Solar and renewable energy is getting hot, thanks to nanoscientists—those who work with materials smaller than the width of a human hair—at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory who have discovered. When the soil warms up, it releases more carbon dioxide (CO2)—an effect that fuels climate change.
Until now, it had been assumed that this was mainly due to the presence of small soil-dwelling animals and microorganisms. Samuel McDowell, the late herpetologist and professor at Rutgers-Newark, spent a good part of his life studying ground snakes in New Guinea. Forty years later, Sara Ruane – who joined the Department of Biological Sciences. One of Australia's oldest naval mysteries has been solved after the discovery of the wreck of the country's first submarine more than 103 years after its disappearance in World War I.
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The field for NASA's next New Frontiers mission is narrowing. Officials announced the two finalists for a new robotic explorer mission—one that would send a spacecraft to bring samples of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Paleontologists at the University of Toronto (U of T) and the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) in Toronto have entirely revisited a tiny yet exceptionally fierce ancient sea creature called Habelia optata that has confounded scientists. 'Sleeper cells', which can survive doses of antibiotics and lie resting in a dormant state, may hold a key to understanding antibiotic resistance, research has found. Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have solved the mystery of the structure of Piezo1, a member of a family of proteins that convert physical stimuli such as touch or blood flow into chemical signals. Oregon State University scientists have developed a nanomedicine platform for cancer that can help doctors know which tissue to cut out as well as kill any malignant cells that can't be surgically removed.
The center of our Galaxy has been intensely studied for many years, but it still harbors surprises for scientists. A snake-like structure lurking near our galaxy's supermassive black hole is the latest discovery to tantalize. When searching for life, scientists first look for an element key to sustaining it: fresh water. Researchers have designed a memory device based on atomically thin semiconductors and demonstrated that, in addition to exhibiting a good performance in general, the memory can also be fully erased with light, without any. Three months of observations with the National Science Foundation's Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) have allowed astronomers to zero in on the most likely explanation for what happened in the aftermath of the violent.
SpaceX unveiled its new Falcon Heavy rocket on Wednesday, a month before its first launch. Stars forming in galaxies appear to be influenced by the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, but the mechanism of how that happens has not been clear to astronomers until now. A team of researchers at the University of California has learned more about the means by which a type of fungus invades fruit flies, takes over their bodies and uses them to reproduce. In their paper uploaded to the bioRxiv. An international team of astronomers has found a 'hot Jupiter' exoplanet circling a rapidly rotating, metal-poor star. The newly discovered alien world, designated KELT-21b, is larger than Jupiter and orbits its host in less.
Astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope have for the first time directly observed granulation patterns on the surface of a star outside the solar system—the aging red giant π1 Gruis. This remarkable new image from. New research suggests that a potentially fatal snake fungus found in several species in the United States and three in Europe could be global in scale. The study, published today in the journal Science Advances, shows that. Much of the research in the field of plant functional genomics to date has relied on approaches based on single reference genomes. But by itself, a single reference genome does not capture the full genetic variability of. In work that offers insight into the magnitude of the hazards posed by earthquake faults in general, seismologists have developed a model to determine the size of an earthquake that could be triggered by the underground injection.
Six hundred kilometers south of Lake Titicaca and more than 3700 m above sea level, the Intersalar region, between the two large salt lakes of Uyuni and Coipasa, is dotted with fields of quinoa and numerous communities. The worldwide quest by researchers to find better, more efficient materials for tomorrow's solar panels is usually slow and painstaking. Researchers typically must produce lab samples—which are often composed of multiple. Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers have obtained the first detailed snapshots of the structure of a membrane pore that enables epithelial cells to absorb calcium. The findings could accelerate the development. For the first time scientists have directly observed living bacteria in polar ice and snow - an environment once considered sterile. The new evidence has the potential to alter perceptions about which planets in the universe.
The world's oldest algae fossils are a billion years old, according to a new analysis by earth scientists at McGill University. Based on this finding, the researchers also estimate that the basis for photosynthesis in today's. A vast new study of changes in global wildlife over almost three decades has found that low levels of effective national governance are the strongest predictor of declining species numbers - more so than economic growth.